Type of Disability

Among disabled people, the distribution of disability by type was estimated in the 2005.

Causes of Disability

Cause of disability in Cambodia in 2004 were disease (Or illness) and old age accounting for 52% accidents and injuries (including war and violence related). ADB 2005 reported

Poverty

People with disabilities (PWD) are among the most vulnerable groups in Cambodian society. They suffer even more than the general population from limited access to basic social services, education, skills and vocational training, job placement, and income generation opportunities. As a result, many PWD are extremely poor. Income generation for PWD thus not only contributes to establish a sense of dignity and self-confidence among PWD, but it is also directly linked to poverty reduction and development. There is much potential for expansion of activity in this field.

Discrimination

PWD also face discrimination by other Cambodians which prevents them from functioning as full members of society. This is due to a combination of a decline of community spirit as a result of conflict, the Buddhist belief in Karma which influences the view that disability is the result of bad actions in previous lives, and a general lack of public awareness and understanding of disability issues.

Disability Awareness

Public awareness and mass education campaigns on the inclusion of PWDs in the mainstream development programmes of Cambodia, by mobilizing the private sector and the community for eradication of discrimination, are almost non-existent. Such campaigns are needed to promote awareness of the rights of PWD; the abilities that PWD possess; and to overcome inaccurate stereotypes that PWD cannot be productive members of society.

Accessibility

The building environment of Cambodia contains many obstacles for PWDs as well. The majority of public buildings, hospitals and schools have been built with complete lack of consideration for the needs of disabled people, and they find it difficult to navigate public thoroughfares due to obstructions, uneven and unpaved surfaces, steps, and suchlike.

At present the responsibility for building and construction permits is not clearly regulated. Also, the legislation on disability is still in draft form. Hence it is difficult at this stage to place responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of accessibility features on a specific government body.

Education

The Khmer Rouge regime (1975 - 1979) oversaw the almost complete destruction of the education system, which has been trying to recover ever since. After a lengthy period of emergency relief and emergency deployment of teachers, there has been a growing emphasis since the early 1990s on government-led policy reform. However, the education system still has very limited capacity and resources, particularly in rural areas, where most disabled people are located. For PWDs, formal and non-formal education are among the services essential for development of children's capacity and a vital means for empowerment and self-help. To date, education programmes for PWD have been implemented solely by NGOs, and have focused on children with disabilities. A limited number of special schools and classes exist, as do a few community-based initiatives.

Collectively these services provide for only a fraction of children with disabilities in Cambodia; are concentrated mainly in urban areas; and cater almost exclusively for children with physical disabilities and sensory impairments. Educational opportunities for adults with disabilities are still minimal. A small number of children with disabilities are included into the mainstream education system; however, the present school environment does not facilitate integration. The Disability Action Council, in close collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, is coordinating a national policy and piloting inclusive education programmes for children with disabilities.

Training and Employment

Skills training, income generation and job placement are important means of rehabilitating PWD. In Cambodia, PWD typically come from the poor and poorest segments of society. It is a high priority for these people to gain an income for themselves and their families. Existing training and employment programmes can be categorized as follows:

• Provision of vocational training (which can include literacy, numeracy and small business management;
• Referral services to training providers and employers;
• Production of crafts for the local market and export through production workshops or independent producer groups

Follow-up after graduates have left centers has received increasing emphasis in most programmes. This takes the shape of regular visits to graduates work place, the provision of start-up equipment, and - in some cases - the provision of loans or grants. PWD face some specific constraints when trying to develop an income:

• Self-employment usually requires access to credit facilities. Poor PWD find it particularly difficult to access credit;
• PWD often face discrimination when job-seeking. Non-disabled people have very low belief in their abilities

National Social Welfare System for People with Disabilities

Central Government

Five Cambodian Government ministries and their line departments directly or indirectly offer social welfare support for the general population, including people with disabilities. These ministries are mainly responsible for providing opportunities to PWD to be included in mainstream society. However, as PWD are not their specific target groups, programmes and projects are usually designed for the general population. The five ministries are:

• Ministry of Social Affair Veteran and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY)
• Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MOEYS)
• Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA)
• Ministry of Health (MOH)
• Ministry of Rural Development (MORD)

The Ministry of Social Affair Veteran and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY) is the core ministry with the responsibility for providing rehabilitation and vocational skills training services to PWD. Within MOSAVY, the Department of Rehabilitation and the Department of Children's Welfare are responsible for carrying out and supporting activities relating to PWD, including Children with Disabilities. Provincial Rehabilitation Centers, under the Department of Rehabilitation, provide free-of-charge rehabilitation services to PWDs.

Within the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MOEYS), a Special Education Office is responsible for promoting inclusive education for children with disabilities. The Ministry of Women's Affairs (MOWA) is responsible for all affairs relating women in Cambodia. Almost 50 percent of the 1999 National Budget was allocated to defense and national security - nearly twice as much as the health, education, environment, social and women's affairs sectors combined. This imbalance has decreased only slightly since then. In practice, therefore, due to the lack of resources of government ministries, NGOs and international organizations have been the main implementers of programmes and services for PWDs

National Coordinating Body for Disability and Rehabilitation

To avoid overlapping of services and to maximize the use of resources, as well as to strengthen collaboration between relevant government institutions and NGOs working in the disability and rehabilitation sector, the Disability Action Council was established in 1997. More details are available in the About DAC section of this website.

Local Government

Each ministry has provincial offices; however, only cities and larger provinces have district offices. Accessibility to rural areas, where most PWD are concentrated, is severely hampered by the under-developed infrastructure. Collaboration between relevant ministries thus needs to be forged to address the needs of PWD. As the government has limited resources to implement activities, NGOs and international organizations implement most activities at the community level.

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